Forrest classification in GI bleeding

Forrester classification


註:Cardiac index (CI) is a vasodynamic parameter that relates the cardiac output (CO) to body surface area (BSA),thus relating heart performance to the size of the individual. The unit of measurement is litres per minute per square metre (l/min/m2).


The index is usually calculated using the following formula:

where
CI=Cardiac index
BSA=Body surface area
SV=Stroke volume
HR=Heart rate
CO=Cardiac output
Clinical significance

The normal range of cardiac index in rest is 2.6 - 4.2 L/min per square meter.
It is frequently measured and used in intensive care medicine, and cardiac intensive care. It is a useful marker of how well the heart is functioning as a pump by directly correlating the volume of blood pumped by the heart with an individual's body surface area.
If the CI falls below 1.8 L/min/m², the patient may be in cardiogenic shock.
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Forrest classification

Forrest classification is a classification of upper gastrointestinal hemorrhage used for purposes of comparison and in selecting patients for endoscopic treatment

Acute hemorrhage

Forrest I a (Spurting hemorrhage)  O

Forrest I b (Oozing hemorrhage)   O

Signs of recent hemorrhage

Forrest II a (Visible vessel)  

Forrest II b (Adherent clot)

Forrest II c (Hematin on ulcer base)

Lesions without active bleeding

Forrest III (Lesions without signs of recent hemorrhage or fibrin-covered ulcer base)[2]